liquid chlorophyll and birth control

Chlorophyllin has been used in alternative medicine as an aid to reduce the odor of urine or feces (bowel movements). Since chlorophyll is a potent liver detoxifier, it can help combat the negative effects of alcohol, drugs, pharmaceuticals, and exogenous (ie: birth control), by metabolizing them faster. Yee BE, Richards P, Sui JY, Marsch AF. My favorite supplement is a plant-derived iron called Floradix. Her work is regularly featured in media such as First For Women, Woman's World, and Natural Health. Causes of Not Having Menstrual Period in 6 Months, University of Maryland Medical Center: Vitamin C. Office on Women's Health. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. A 2019 clinical trial looked at the effect of a supplement that contained both chlorophyll and sodium iron chlorophyllin, a derivative of chlorophyll. In my personal experience, taking a magnesium supplement before bed helped with my charley horses and leg cramps. My favorite magnesium and calcium supplement is called, Iron is a very important mineral during pregnancy and something many women end up being deficient in. At the same time, it is safe to take liquid chlorophyll . BOOSTS OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM AND ELIMINATES ODOURS. A healthy, well-balanced diet will always top herbs and supplements. This will vary per supplement, so read the instructions on the packaging. Yun CH, Jeong HG, Jhoun JW, Guengerich FP. Chlorophyllin is derived. Many people choose to drink liquid chlorophyll, but some people apply it to wounds (there's no evidence that this is helpful). The digestive system starts in the mouth. CHLOROPHYLL - Fertility Treatments | Forums | What to Expect Community > Getting Pregnant Fertility Treatments 28.3K Discussions 37.8K Members The views expressed in community are solely the opinions of participants, and do not reflect those of What to Expect. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not strictly regulate nutritional supplements. A 2016 study inferred that topical chlorophyll might have anti-aging properties that may help reduce the signs of aging from sun exposure. :*(@biblegrrl), Jaz (@manipuraart), Staci Tanouye, MD(@dr.staci.t), user(@user29372828823), artofskincare(@artofskincare . Chlorophyll should not replace prescribed medications or other conventional treatments you may need. Magnesium also plays a part in growing your babys teeth and bones. As research is still emerging, it's best to play it safe and consult your healthcare provider before starting chlorophyll supplements, especially if you have any health conditions. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. Jan 2010; 115(1):206-218. . Clinical nutritionist Laura DeCesaris noted, however, that the anti-inflammatory oxidants in chlorophyll support healthy gut function, and maintaining a healthy gut can speed up your metabolism and aid digestion. 2015;8(1):13. 2019;19(1):565-573. doi:10.1007/s40200-019-00443-w. Linus Pauling Institute. Blumenthal M, Brinckmann J, Wollschlaeger B. St. John's Wort: Clinical Overview. (Chlorella is a green freshwater algae rich with chlorophyll.) The three main keys to avoiding its occurrence are 1) good nutrition and supplements as needed; 2) knowing the mother; and 3) not rushing the delivery of the placenta. Oxid Med Cell Longev. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says that people over 12 years old can safely consume up to 300 milligrams of chlorophyllin daily. Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone ( Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others. There is research that shows that taking magnesium during pregnancy can prevent premature labor caused by uterine contractions. You may find yourself experiencing symptoms youve never had before and you may be suffering from a lack of energy. Cathy Wong is a nutritionist and wellness expert. Dr. Jacquelyn Stone answered Obstetrics and Gynecology 15 years experience No interaction: No, this medication will not interact with your birth control pills, so you are still protected. I have found that by applying these three keys as fully as I can both prenatally and in the third stage, my practice has a very . The most studied chlorophyllin, sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), is a semi-synthetic mixture of sodium copper salts . As a general rule of thumb, do not exceed the dose printed on the product label. doi:10.1111/dth.14252. St. John's wort, or Hypericum perforatum, is usually prepared as an herbal tincture and used to treat mild depression and anxiety. There are numerous ways to use chlorophyll - be it applying topically or consuming orally as a liquid or a supplement. A systematic review of St. Johns wort for major depressive disorder. Relationship between color and antioxidant capacity of fruits and vegetables. Chlorophyll has many suggested health benefits in humans. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. However, St. Johns wort also stimulates certain enzymes to break down the estrogen in estrogen-based oral contraceptives faster than normal, which reduces the amount of the hormone in the blood and the effectiveness of birth control, as cited in Medical Herbalism: The Science Principles and Practices of Herbal Medicine.. You are likely dealing with many symptoms that you arent used to and while supplements can often help with these symptoms, you certainly dont want to make any of them worse. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. Specifically, in this research, chlorophyllin, a copper/sodium salt of chlorophyll, was found to fight against liver damage and potentially liver cancer by making the detoxification process more effective. And if you hear the word chlorophyll and find yourself transported back to fifth grade science, youre probably remembering that chlorophyll plays a major role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants transform light into energy. Apaydin EA, Maher AR, Shanman R,et al. A 2016 study that used a form of chlorophyll to treat patients with anemia found that its use may improve anemia symptoms. Boosting energy. When using supplements during pregnancy or breastfeeding, its a good idea to start with a small amount and see how your body reacts. As with any supplement, you should always consult your physician before starting, as there could be drug interactions and maleffects on chronic conditions.. It blooms in the summer with purple or blue flowers. The shots boast a 4.7-star rating from 25 Amazon customers. However you choose to consume chlorophyll, make sure you start at a lower dose and slowly increase only if you can tolerate it. I just tried it out and found that I feel amazing when I take it. Read our. Keep supplements out of reach of small children and pets, and make sure they are properly sealed. However, these interactions are not well-documented. TikTok is a huge platform for beauty tips, and videos about skin care rank among some of its most popular content. Because of this, the quality of supplements from one manufacturer to the next may vary. 2017;210:242-246. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.01.003. PMID:29942425, Vakov K, Markov I, Japrov J, et al. Al-Niaimi F, Chiang NYZ. Increases Red Blood Cells. The latest viral trend to hit the app involves putting liquid chlorophyll the same green material found in plants used for photosynthesis in your water to heal acne and reduce redness.. Dr. Muneeb Shah, a dermatologist with 6 million followers on TikTok, told his followers . When applied topically, chlorophyll has been known to reduce acne and signs of aging. But studies have been mixed on how effective drinking liquid chlorophyll really is for any health benefit. Its also commonly found in powders mixed with other greens, such as spirulina, wheatgrass, and chlorella. Another study suggests that grass drinks high in chlorophyll could treat hemoglobin deficiencies due to the antioxidant activity of the chlorophyll and its molecular structure that resembles red blood cells. In their. Below is a look at some of the science behind popular uses of chlorophyll. While essential to the life of a plant, chlorophyll may also provide health benefits for humans. Your healthcare provider can help you find the best dose for your specific needs. Most of the research conducted on chlorophyll benefits has been on its topical use. Examples include tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men. Chlorophyll is naturally found in various fruits and vegetables. . Although more research is required to make a more confident claim about chlorophyll and weight loss, some evidence suggests meals rich in chlorophyll can increase satiety or a feeling of fullness, which can reduce appetite in the short term. Chlorophyll is found in all leafy green vegetables and it gives plants its green pigment. Although rare, these side effects of chlorophyll supplements are possible: 3 Green stools Stomach cramps Diarrhea Loose bowel movements Topical chlorophyll may cause a mild skin reaction, causing the skin to itch or burn. of individuals do. Over on the wellness side of TikTok, liquid chlorophyll is the latest obsession. The existing research suggests that side effects resulting from consuming chlorophyll are rare. Liquid chlorophyll may be whats called a blood builder. This means it can potentially increase the count of red blood cells and improve their quality. Studies conducted on geriatric patients and reported in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society showed that taking chlorophyllin tablets (a type of chlorophyll) reduced urinary and fecal odor, prevented gas and chronic . 2018;2018:4069167. doi:10.1155/2018/4069167, Frug AD, Smith KS, Riviere AJ, et al. If you're thinking about jumping on the trend, here's what you should know about the risks and side effects of liquid chlorophyll, per the NLM: Although rare, swallowing chlorophyll can lead to loose stools for some people. Brittany Lubeck, RD, is a nutrition writer and registered dietitian with a master's degree in clinical nutrition. As a result, no studies have been done that specifically clinically evaluate its interaction with birth control. Since liquid chlorophyll is ingested through the mouth and travels through the digestive tract, this is where most of the side effects occur. doi:10.1586/17512433.2015.974558, Lee CR. Very bad throwing up. If using them to augment labor, only do so under the supervision of your care provider. 34. My midwife recommended I take Chlorophyll at the same time as my iron supplement as they work well together. Your baby is going to need calcium to grow and if you arent getting enough calcium daily, your body will take it from your bones and give it to your baby. Liquid chlorophyll is believed to have many more health benefits than has been studied. The 7 Best Greens Powders of 2023, According to a Dietitian, Beef Liver Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits, Health Benefits of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), The 7 Best Folate Supplements of 2023, According to a Dietitian, 5 Types of Supplements You Should Always Skip, According to Experts, Expert Picks Delivered to Your Inbox via ShopWell, Efficacy and tolerability of an acne treatment regimen with antiaging benefits in adult women. Experiment with different ones if you find that yours is upsetting your tummy. Supplements like chlorophyll drops and liquid chlorophyll arent entirely chlorophyll, however. #TOP 2. Bee pollen Women use it to regulate their ovulation period, while when it is consumed by, men bee pollen helps in increasing sperm count. Lowering the risk of cancer: This ones a little blurrier. When applied topically, chlorophyll improves sun-damaged skin and acne and large pores in two pilot studies conducted over eight and three weeks, respectively. Due to a lack of quality research, there are no approved dosage guidelines for chlorophyll supplements. Yang Y, Jiang X, Pandol SJ, Han YP, Zheng X. Chlorophyll's reputation as a health and wellness supplement predates the recent TikTok-fueled interest by decades. Liquid chlorophyll is an accessible supplement available in many health food stores, online, and over-the-counter at local pharmacies. 2009;14(3):23-26. doi:10.1002/tre.107. CLICK FOR PRICE Read Review. While odd, these changes aren't harmful, and they shouldn't last long. Based off of the natural product Chlorophyll, that is found in nature, it does not have an interaction with FDA approved birth control products.. Verywell Fit articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and nutrition and exercise healthcare professionals. In my personal experience, taking a magnesium supplement before bed helped with my charley horses and leg cramps. So the healthiest way to get a dose of chlorophyll? Chlorophyll-mediated changes in the redox status of pancreatic cancer cells are associated with its anticancer effects. If you believe the hype, liquid chlorophyll is supposed to detox the body, "clarify" the blood, prevent cancer and help with weight loss. Chlorophyll not only cleanses the blood and reduces inflammation, but also contains magnesium and blood sugar-regulating properties. You may have heard they don't play nice. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council; 2003:303-316. More research is needed to confirm the safety and potential health benefits of drinking liquid chlorophyll. In fact, very few have been reported. PMID:27049084, Wangcharoen W, Phimphilai S. Chlorophyll and total phenolic contents, antioxidant activities and consumer acceptance test of processed grass drinks. However, despite the positive findings, the results were limited by the small size of the study as well as the lack of a control group. Unfortunately, chlorophylls potential cancer-fighting effects have only been studied in animals or test tubes. Magnesium works in conjunction with calcium and is important during pregnancy. Do not spend your hard earned money on products like this. Since these herbs can cause uterine contractions, they should not be used during pregnancy as they could lead to early labor. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Catch up on Select's in-depth coverage of personal finance, tech and tools, wellness and more, and follow us on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter to stay up to date. Vitamin D is crucial in the development of your babys bones and teeth. Another way is to consume liquid chlorophyll as a supplement. Doses vary per liquid chlorophyll supplement, but the average amount is 100mg per serving. Some supplements may interfere with the actions of hormonal birth control, which can lead to unplanned pregnancies. Stimulate the immune system and liver function. Although, even fruits and vegetables that aren't green may contain chlorophyll. Be sure to talk with your healthcare provider before using chlorophyll supplements to make sure they're right for you. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Chlorophyll has a double-action remedy for bad breath. Proponents of chlorophyll believe the pigment detoxes the body, strengthens the immune system, and boosts energy, among other things. Lets get one thing straight first: there is *not* a ton of research on the benefits of chlorophyll, and of the research that is out there, results are pretty mixed about whether chlorophyll actually boosts health in the way viral videos seem to suggest. Relieving constipation and gas. Aid digestion and gut health. Some of his articles were published in the "Brisbane Courier-Mail" newspaper. So, while there aren't many serious risks of liquid chlorophyll in small doses, there's no guarantee that a chlorophyll supplement contains only that ingredient or includes the amount of chlorophyll stated on the bottle or packaging. Most of the experts we consulted agreed that more research needs to be done regarding specific chlorophyll supplements. Iodine isnt always included in prenatal vitamins so be sure to check the label and consider adding an iodine supplement. You can also drink the liquid chlorophyll undiluted and by itself, but many users dislike the earthy taste. Liquid chlorophyll is a dietary supplement, and the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) does not make sure supplements are safe or effective before they hit store shelves. Absorption of estrogen may be increased. McCook JP, Stephens TJ, Jiang LI, Law RM, Gotz V. Ability of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to repair photoaged skin by stimulation of biomarkers in human extracellular matrix. Chlorophyll may have other uses, but research is severely lacking. While chlorophyll is naturally found in various plant foods, supplements may contain chlorophyllin, a water-soluble alternative to chlorophyll. Updated October 25, 2018. bleeding in women taking oral contraceptives, which is a sign of diminished pill effect, as cited in The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine. Additional birth control. Chlorophyllin may cause gastrointestinal effects, including diarrhea and discoloration of urine/stool, Reid said. I currently take a supplement called Multigreens which is a chlorophyll formula made from spirulina, alfalfa sprouts, barley grass, bee pollen, eleuthero and Pacific kelp. When taken as a supplement, chlorophyll may cause green stools, stomach cramps, loose stools, and other gastrointestinal side effects. This can also be done alongside taking chlorophyll supplements. by thebirthhour | May 21, 2019 | Essential Oils | 2 comments. It helps neutralize and remove drug deposits, and purifies the blood. When the pill says it's 99.9 percent. It's a potent antioxidant. Does liquid chlorophyll and chloroxygen chlorophyll concentrate pill interface with tri femynor birth control pills? Carcinogenesis. Many studies have shown that drinking the chlorophyll liquid will be very beneficial to maintain the balance level between acid-alkaline within the body since chlorophyll is very rich in magnesium which contain the high alkaline levels. // Leaf Group Lifestyle. It's easy to tell which ones contain chlorophyll, as the pigment causes many vegetables, in particular, to be green. If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, please see the However, even if supplements are third-party tested, that doesnt mean they are necessarily safe for all or effective in general. And as with diarrhea, if they don't go away within a day or two, you should call your doctor. Obstet Gynecol. The 9-Second Trick For Poll: 80% Say Women Should Be . A 2014 study published in the journal Appetite confirms that it may help with weight loss. A case of delayed methotrexate clearance following administration of a complementary medication containing chlorophyll. Further, St. John's wort has been reported to cause: Johns wort along with birth control pills 2. There are two main kinds of birth control pills: Combination birth control pills. Chlorophyll has similar properties to hemoglobin which essential to your blood cells and carries oxygen through your body. Skin care and acne treatment. This dietary supplement helps flush out harmful toxins and gently . For best results, refrigerate when not in use. This is because there is no official testing done to prove that they are safe for pregnancy so the company is required to include that disclaimer. Chlorophyll is believed to be non-toxic. Because chlorophyll is a potent antioxidant, some researchers have found that consuming chlorophyll (or applying it topically) can help with acne, large pores and signs of aging. - St. John's Wort is an herbal supplement that can help with depression, insomnia, and anxiety. Large amounts of alfalfa might have some of the same effects as estrogen. Chlorophyll and total phenolic contents, antioxidant activities and consumer acceptance test of processed grass drinks. Many of the experts we consulted said they love wheatgrass shots as a daily chlorophyll supplement. Liquid chlorophyll may be what's called a "blood builder." This means it can potentially increase the count of red blood cells and improve their quality. In most cases, taking chlorophyll supplements by mouth won't result in adverse events. Chlorophyll is a pigment that gives many plants their green color and may offer various health benefits. This is a hard question to answer. This process is known as detoxification. Your local pharmacy will have many of these supplements and vitamins. Iron is a very important mineral during pregnancy and something many women end up being deficient in. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. September 2013 and June 2014 studies in the Journal of Appetite found that chlorophyll helps to reduce total and LDL ("bad") cholesterol, as well as sweet and unhealthy food cravings and overall caloric intake. It is also important in helping your body absorb calcium. Research suggests chlorophyll has promising benefits for liver health, says Cannon. It also covers side effects, precautions, dosage, interactions, and food sources of chlorophyll. Be sure that the product indicates where the chlorophyllin comes from. These are nonhormonal options for birth control. Vanessa Nzeh, MD, is an internal medicine and pediatrics physician who is passionate about patient advocacy, the integration of maternal and child health, as well as increasing diversity and inclusion in medical education. It helps cleanse all the cells of the body, fights infection, heals wounds, helps to build the immune system and replenish red blood cells, and detoxifies the liver and digestive system," she . According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, mega-dosing vitamin C can cause a rise in estrogen levels when taken with oral contraceptives and hormone replacement drugs, particularly if the user is deficient in vitamin C to begin with 5. Signs of low blood sugar. I get 24% off everything I order and they have very high standards for quality control. Yeast infections . Weight loss. During postpartum, and if you are breastfeeding, you should actually up your Vitamin D intake to 6400 IU or be giving your baby a Vitamin D supplement. Effects of thylakoid intake on appetite and weight loss: a systematic review, Reduces inflammation, especially in arthritis. J Diabetes Metab Disord. Topical vitamin C and the skin: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. My favorite probiotic is called Life 9 from Young Living. Sounds fun, right?! This one from KOR Shots contains wheatgrass and spirulina (both strong sources of chlorophyll), plus pineapple, lemon and ginger juice for added flavor and nutrients. Obstet Gynecol. Heres what the experts have to say. National Institutes of Health. Most people dont even know they have this gene even though its estimated that. Learn more about our guidelines The use of birth control pills for an extended time can cause copper levels to lower. Depending on the specific product, you may use a dropper or tablespoon to measure it. Healing wounds. Syst Rev5,148 (2016) doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0325-2, Linde K, Berner MM, Kriston L.St John's wort for major depression. Its responsible for helping plants absorb energy from sunlight during photosynthesis. However, St. Johns wort also stimulates certain enzymes to break down the estrogen in estrogen-based oral contraceptives faster than normal, which reduces the amount of the hormone in the blood and the effectiveness of birth control, as cited in Medical Herbalism: The Science Principles and Practices of Herbal Medicine. In essence, taking St. Johns wort may be similar to taking a low-dose estrogen pill 1. However, some people should take extra precautions. . She works primarily with clients with eating disorders and disordered eating to help them mend their relationship with food and their bodies and is based in North Carolina. While many TikTokers claim to use chlorophyll as a weight loss or bloat-reducing supplement, there is little research linking chlorophyll with weight loss, so experts dont recommend relying on them to lose weight. Ding L, Xu L, Jin Y, et al. For moms with MTHFR, its important to take a prenatal vitamin that uses methylfolate instead of synthetic folic acid. On Birth Control? This green pigment in plants is available in liquid, capsule, and tablet form. There could be other ingredients in the supplement that may cause side effects, or there could be much more chlorophyll in the supplement than you realize, which could lead you to drink too much. Red blood cells contain a molecule called hemoglobin, which has a very similar chemical structure to chlorophyll. The minipill. What is chlorophyll? Food sources include green leafy vegetables, wheatgrass, green tea, potatoes, and some algae and herbs. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Simply put, you can take chlorophyll while breastfeeding, but it would be a waste of money. Store your chlorophyll supplements in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight. IE 11 is not supported. (And we know that gut health is super important in supporting your reproductive health, too.). Chlorophyll is not considered toxic or poisonous. Improve skin. Liquid chlorophyll is an extraction of the pigment chlorophyll found in plants. But it can be harmful in large amounts. For the most part, liquid chlorophyll is a safe and mild supplement. Skin healing and acne treatment: Chlorophyll has antioxidants, which have many anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting benefits. One study on human and rat livers almost thirty years ago introduced these properties of chlorophyll. Abdel Moety GAF, Ali AM, Fouad R, Ramadan W, Belal DS, Haggag HM. 2016;4:e1879. One thing to keep in mind is that herb and vitamin supplements often are not evaluated by the FDA the way prescription drugs are. 4. Here are some other herbs to avoid in pregnancy: It is always a good idea to talk to your doctor or midwife before taking any new supplements during pregnancy. Please review all supplement labels with your healthcare provider to discuss any potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications. Taking supplements during pregnancy serves two main purposessupporting your own health and ensuring proper fetal growth for your baby. Along with diarrhea, some people report experiencing stomach cramps as a side effect of drinking liquid chlorophyll. Many foods naturally contain chlorophyll, which means you may not need to take a supplement to reap the potential benefits. Copper deficiency is seen in people with emotional and mental issues, skin sores, impaired respiration and low energy. 110: noncontraceptive uses of hormonal contraceptives. Liquid chlorophyll is a popular supplement on social media and is associated with many unsubstantiated health claims. The 3-Minute Rule for When The Pill Arouses That Urge For Abstinence How Shocking Reasons Why Birth Control Lowers Sex Drive can Save You Time, Stress, and Money. Pregnancy is a time of many changes physically, emotionally and mentally. What they dont tell you on TikTok, though, is that the liquid chlorophyll used to make those mesmerizing drinks is actually a semisynthetic version of the pigment called chlorophyllin. Vitanica Yeast Arrest Vaginal Suppositories will give relief and help support your vagina flora. Read our. In fact, chlorophyll is often used to treat patients suffering from halitosis, also known as bad breath. There are a wide variety of combination pills to choose from, depending on how often you want to have periods and the dose of hormones that is best for you. One way to get liquid chlorophyll in your diet is by juicing and drinking wheatgrass and other dark leafy greens. Pure chlorophyll can be derived from whole foods like alfalfa or wheatgrass. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. However, it decreases the pill's hormone concentration in the blood by 15%, reducing its effectiveness. 2015 Jan-Feb;13(1):69-79.doi:10.1370/afm.1687, St. John's Wort. Some research suggests that chlorophyll may aid in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. What Are the Side Effects of Chlorophyll? If you believe the hype, liquid chlorophyll is supposed to detox the body, "clarify" the blood, prevent cancer and help with weight loss. However, consuming more chlorophyll than recommended may may increase your risk of side effects. While chlorophyll is widely known as the compound that provides green leaves and plants their color, it has been shown to provide a host of health and weight management benefits. If you're receiving methotrexate or another cancer therapy, then be sure to check with your healthcare provider before using chlorophyll. I was most eager for help with digestive health and clearer skin. We took it straight to our clinical team of pharmacists for this one, and heres what they said: Since [chlorophyll] is a natural product that is sold over the counter as an herbal product, chlorophyll has not been tested or evaluated by the FDA. Does Vitamin C Make Birth Control Less Effective? My favorite supplement is a plant-derived iron called, Take the following precautions when taking supplements during your pregnancy, I personally prefer to order the majority of my supplements through my wholesale membership with Young Living. There is research that shows that taking magnesium during pregnancy can prevent premature labor caused by uterine contractions.

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